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- 21/04/2000.
-
- Published on BSRF - http://blacksun.box.sk
- Written by WATER and Edited by R a v e N.
-
- IP ADDRESS STRUCTURE:
-
- Note: the terms multicast address and MSB are explained at the end.
-
- Every station on a PSN (packet switched network) that is based on the TCP/IP
- protocol (your computer is one, for example. Yes, we're referring to a host
- that is connected to the net) must have an IP address, so it can be identified,
- and information can be relayed and routed to it in an orderly fashion.
-
- an IP address consists of a 32 bit logical address. The address is divided
- into two fields:
-
- 1) The network address:
- Assigned by InterNIC (Internet Network Information Center).
- In fact most ISPs (internet service providers) purchase a number of addresses
- and assign them individually.
-
- 2) The station address:
- An address that identifies the station throughout the network. It is assigned
- by the network manager (administrator).
-
- IP address structure:
-
- ---.---.---.---
- ======= +++++++
- ^ ^
- | |
- network | station.
-
- Every " --- " = 8 bits.
- The first 16 ===> netwrok address
- The last 16 ===> station address
-
- with 8 bits you can present from 0-255 . (binary=(2 to the power of 8)-1)
- Example:
- 11000010.01011010.00011111.01001010 (binary)
- 194.90.31.74 (decimal)
-
-
- IP address CLASSES :
-
- We can classify IP addreses to 5 groups. You can distinguish them by comparing
- the "High Order" bits (the first four bits on the left of the address):
-
- type | model | target | MSB |addr.range |bit number| max.stations|
- | | groups | | |net./stat.| |
- ------|--------|--------|-----|--------------|----------|-------------|
- A |N.S.S.S | ALL | 0 | 1.0.0.0 | 24/7 | 16,777,214 |
- | | ACCEPT | | to | | |
- | | HUGE | | 126.0.0.0 | | |
- | | CORPS | | | | |
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------
- |N.N.S.S | TO ALL | 10 | 128.1.00 | 16/14 | 65,543 |
- B | | LARGE | | to | | |
- | | CORPS | | 191.254.00 | | |
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------
- |N.N.N.S |TO ALOT | 110 | 192.0.1.0 | 8/22 | 254 |
- C | |OF | | to | | |
- | |SMALL | | 223.225.254 | | |
- | |CORPS | | | | |
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------
- D | NONE |MULTI-CA|1110 | 224.0.0.0 | NOT FOR | UNKNOWN |
- | |ST ADDR.| | to | USUAL | |
- | |RFC-1112| |239.255.255.255| USE | |
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------
- E | NOT FOR|EXPERIME|1,1,1,1| 240.0.0.0 |NOT FOR| NOT FOR USE|
- | USE |NTAL | | to |USE | |
- | |ADDR. | |254.255.255.255| | |
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- N=NETWORK , S=STATION .
-
- As you can see in the table above the address range 127.X.X.X is not in use.
- These addresses are assigned to internal use to the network device, and are
- used as an application tool only. For example: 127.0.0.1, the most common one,
- is called the loopback address - everything sent here goes directly back to
- you, without even traveling out of the wire.
- Also, some IPs are reserved for VPNs - Virtual Private Networks. These are
- local area networks or wide area networks that use the Internet Protocol to
- communicate, and each computer inside the network is assigned with an IP
- address. So, suppose a certain computer wants to send a data packet to
- another host on the network with the IP 'x', but there's also another host on
- the Internet that has the same IP - what happens now? So this is why you
- cannot use these and other forms of reserved IPs on the Internet.
-
- EXTRA:
-
- Distinguishing different groups:
-
- You have to compare the first byte on the left in the address as follows:
-
-
-
-
- Type | First byte | MSB
- | in decimal |
- ----------------------------
- A | 1-126 | 0
- ----------------------------
- B | 128-191 | 10
- ----------------------------
- C | 192-223 | 110
- ----------------------------
- D | 224-254 | 1110
- ----------------------------
- E | 240-254 | 1111
- ----------------------------
-
-
- NOTES: Yes, we know, we've left A LOT of things unexplained in this tutorial.
- With time, we will write more tutorials to cover these and other subjects. So
- in the meantime, I suggest that you go to http://blacksun.box.sk, find the
- tutorials page and see if there's anything else that's interesting to you.
- And remember - we also have a message board, so if you have any questions,
- feel free to post them there.
-
-
- weird shit (newbie note):
-
- 1) Multicast: (copied from RFC 1112)
- IP multicasting is the transmission of an IP datagram to a "host
- group", a set of zero or more hosts identified by a single IP
- destination address. A multicast datagram is delivered to all
- members of its destination host group with the same "best-efforts"
- reliability as regular unicast IP datagrams, i.e., the datagram is
- not guaranteed to arrive intact at all members of the destination
- group or in the same order relative to other datagrams.
-
- The membership of a host group is dynamic; that is, hosts may join
- and leave groups at any time. There is no restriction on the
- location or number of members in a host group. A host may be a
- member of more than one group at a time. A host need not be a member
- of a group to send datagrams to it.
-
- A host group may be permanent or transient. A permanent group has a
- well-known, administratively assigned IP address. It is the address,
- not the membership of the group, that is permanent; at any time a
- permanent group may have any number of members, even zero. Those IP
- multicast addresses that are not reserved for permanent groups are
- available for dynamic assignment to transient groups which exist only
- as long as they have members.
-
- Internetwork forwarding of IP multicast datagrams(ip packets)is handled by
- "multicast routers" which may be co-resident with, or separate from,
- internet gateways. A host transmits an IP multicast datagram as a
- local network multicast which reaches all immediately-neighboring
- members of the destination host group. If the datagram has an IP
- time-to-live greater than 1, the multicast router(s) attached to the
- local network take responsibility for forwarding it towards all other
- networks that have members of the destination group. On those other
- member networks that are reachable within the IP time-to-live, an
- attached multicast router completes delivery by transmitting the
- datagram(ip packet) as a local multicast.
-
- *if you donot understand the above donot worry ,it is complicated and dry
- but reread it and read it again get adictionary if it helps . (it helped me!?)
- Hacking is not easy!!
-
- 2) MSB: Most Significent Bit:
- In set numbers the first number on the left is the most imprtant because it
- holds the highest value as opposed to the LSB=> least significent bit it
- always holds the the smallest value.
- Further information can be acquired from our number systems tutorial at
- http://blacksun.box.sk.